Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and prevalence of cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients.

A ccumulating research suggests that low 25-hydroxyv i t amin D3 [25(OH)D] concentrations may be inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (1–3), metabolic syndrome (4,5), insulin resistance (6), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (7). Much remains to be learned, however, about the relationships between vitamin D status, metabolic syndrome, and CVD. Furthermore, the published data in humans arguing that hypovitaminosis D is a CVD risk factor remain conflicting (8,9). Because this topic has received scant attention and the available information on associations between vitamin D status and CVD among type 2 diabetic adults was lacking, we examined the relationships between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and prevalent CVD in type 2 diabetic adults.